Hui

 

History of 1.

During the period of the Central Reunification of the Yuan Dynasty, after Kublai Khan led the Mongolian army to capture Dali, he established a province in Yunnan, and the Hui people moved in from Yunnan. From the 11th to 16th years of the Yuan Dynasty (1274-1279), Hui people were Saidian Chi. During his tenure as a political office in Pingzhang, Yunnan Province, many of his followers were Hui people. They were also military and agricultural, gathered and herded, settled in peace, and some settled in Qiubei.

The Hui nationality is called the Hui nationality in history, also known as the Hui people. In history, he was called "Fan Ke" and "Hu Ke", and the Yuan Dynasty was called Hui. The name "Muslim" means "a people who believe in Islam". In 1957, the ethnic group in the territory was called "Hui".

 

2. religious beliefs

The Hui people believe in the Ijilan religion. "Islam" is the Arabic transliteration, the original meaning of obedience, peace. Mosques are built in villages and towns where Muslims live in concentrated communities. They are religious places where Muslims worship, bathe and clean their bodies, and where imams preach their teachings. They are also places where Muslims hold weddings and funerals. Mosque is a "pure", without any patterns and sculptures. When foreign teachers enter the temple, they must ban smoking, alcohol, singing and dancing, and loud noises.

The scriptures of Islam are mainly the Quran, followed by the words and deeds of Muhammad (called "hadith"). According to the Islamic canon, every Muslim must maintain the "Six Faiths" and the "Five Faiths". The "Six Faiths" include:

1. Belief in Allah: Belief that Allah is the creator and nurturing of all things in the universe and is the supreme master.

2,Faith in Heaven: Islam believes that in addition to the world of man, there is a wonderful world, that is, the world of God.

The Qur'an is the foundation of Islam and the fundamental law.

4、The Last Messenger was the Prophet Muhammad. He is known as the "Most Holy" and the greatest prophet.

5,The belief that all life will eventually be destroyed and replaced by a new spiritual world.

6、The letter is fixed: it is believed that everyone's life, death, misfortune, etc. are arranged in advance by Allah.

"Five great achievements", namely "recognition" (earnest Lord), "ritual" (worship), "Zhai" (fasting), "lesson" (heaven and earth lesson), and "Chao" (pilgrimage to Mecca).

 

 

3. Folk Dwellings

Hui people prefer to live in the flat dam area and the market town along the street. Although the Wenshan and Qiubei Hui people live together with other ethnic groups, they are characterized by large dispersion and small concentration due to different religious beliefs and living customs. Residential no uniform style. In the past, most of them were tile houses with civil structure. A few large households built houses on the first floor and one bottom of the four-in-one patio, which were surrounded by courtyards with main rooms, ear rooms, feeding rooms, etc. The front walls of the main houses are hung with couplets and naves written in Arabic, and some are hung with designs of the Mecca Tianfang and the Holy Monastery of Medina.

 

4. diet

The Hui diet is especially known for its cleanliness and hygiene. I like to drink tea, avoid tobacco, wine, pork and animal blood, and eat rice, corn, wheat, beans, millet, melons and vegetables. Animals eat cattle, sheep, chickens, ducks, geese, fish, rabbits, pigeons, doves, tridges, quails and other docile poultry meat; avoid eating dirty, lazy and violent and self-dead poultry meat, but some can be processed using its fur. Traditional Muslim foods include cold slices (chicken, duck, goose, beef) and gifts of good glutinous rice steamed cakes and dried beef.

 

5. clothing

Hui men wear white hats or wrapped heads and green or white coats. Women like to wear clothes made of silk and satin fabrics, and wear hijab or round caps. They follow the canon of "women's skin is not exposed" and generally cover up their hair, ears and neck. Older women wear more white cover, middle-aged women wear black, girls are mostly white or green. Women wear gold rings, gold earrings, gold bracelets and other gold ornaments and silk fabrics to show their dignified and beautiful appearance.

 

 

6. Marriage Customs

Intra-clan marriage in which the Hui practice monogamy. In the past, it was mostly arranged by parents, but now it is usually a combination of free love or matchmaker introduction. The Hui and foreigners intermarried, requiring the other party to respect the rules and return to the customs, apply for a marriage certificate, and have the imam perform the "Nika Ha" ceremony before they can become legal couples in the legal and religious sense.

 

7. Funeral

Hui people, regardless of men and women, old and young, after death to implement burial, emphasis on thin burial, quick burial. Hui people call death "return to true". The burial of the Hui nationality does not use coffins, but uses "kefan" (refers to the white cloth wrapping the corpse). The bottom of the grave, not allowed to use stone, iron and other non-soil material bedding.

Thin burial is one of the characteristics of the Hui funeral. The Hui follow the traditional filial piety of "thick and thin burial. Any Muslim, no matter how rich or poor he was in his lifetime, was only wrapped in three feet and six feet of white cloth and buried after his death. He did not wear silk and satin and did not put anything in the tomb to accompany him.

Rapid burial is another characteristic of the Hui funeral. Islam, in the spirit of "burying the soil for peace", advocates burying the dead as soon as possible, and burying them within three days, regardless of feng shui. The tombs of the Hui nationality are all north-south, and the tombs are mostly high and flat. The tombs are rectangular. When buried, the body pillow faces south and west, which means heading back to the holy land of Mecca.

 

8. Festival

Hui festivals are mostly related to the traditional habits of Islam and Arabs. There are three main festivals: Eid al-Fitr, Gurban and Holy.

1、Eid al-Fitr: Ramadan is celebrated in September in the Islamic calendar. Muslims who "bear the burden" (referring to boys at the age of 12 and girls at the age of 9) practice fasting throughout the month. The new moon appears on the evening of the 29th of fasting, and the next day is Eid al-Fitr. If there is no new moon, then another day of fasting, a total of 30 days, the second day for Eid al-Fitr. On the morning of Eid al-Fitr, Muslims put on new clothes behind them and went to the mosque to attend the ceremony with lit incense. They listened to the abyss, exchanged congratulations and sent homemade "oil incense". At the end, they went to the grave of the Muslim cemetery to express their mourning for the dead ancestors.

2,Eid al-Adha, also known as Eid al-Adha and Loyalty and Filial Piety, is scheduled for December 10 in the Islamic calendar. That is, from the day of Eid al-Fitr, 70 days later is "Gurbang Festival". Wenshan Muslims call it "Little Eid" or "Little Erde". It is also the last day of the Hajj. It is stipulated that all Muslims who can afford to pay zakah should slaughter sheep or cattle (camels are also allowed) for themselves and their families in honor of the ancient sages. This religious festival later became a national festival of the Hui people. On that day, Muslims from all over the world gathered in mosques to hold grand gatherings and hold grand ceremonies. After the ceremonies, cattle, sheep and camels were slaughtered. Except for a small part of them, the rest were left in mosques to share with festival people.

3、Holy Discipline: Islam regards the birth and death of the Prophet Muhammad as a holy day. Since his life and death are on the same day of the same month (March 12 of the religious calendar), it has a double meaning, also known as "holy taboo" or "holy sacrifice". The commemorative activities are held in the mosque, and the celebration time in Wenshan is not necessarily the same day.

In addition to the above three major festivals, Qiubei Hui people also have some commemorative festivals, such as "Gu Tai Festival", "Deng Xiao Festival", "Geidel Festival", "Shexi De Festival" and so on.

 

 

9. taboo

1、Language taboos: Hui people are taboo to lie and speak small words behind their backs; taboo to say the word "fat" is often replaced by the word "Zhuang. When slaughtering animals, it is taboo to say "kill", but only "slaughter", such as "slaughter of cattle" and "slaughter of chickens.

2. Dietary taboos: Hui people should not eat the meat of pigs, horses, mules, donkeys, dogs and all ferocious animals, fish without gills, blood and self-death of all animals, livestock slaughtered and food made by non-religious people, and food with narcotic and irritating foods, such as wine, opium, heroin, cigarettes, etc.

 

10. Approaching the "Zhuang Hui" Muslims in Wenshan, Yunnan

1、The Origin of Wenshan Zhuang Hui

The Han, Hui and other ethnic groups in Yunnan have always lived in harmony. Because the Qing government adopted the ruling policy of "using Han to return", it created ethnic estrangement, which intensified the contradictions between the ethnic groups and destroyed the relationship between the two ethnic groups. In the sixth year of Xianfeng, the governor of Yunnan was ordered by the Qing government to "wipe out the DianHui and sweep 800 miles" and "gather together to kill back". All the more than 10,000 Hui people in Kunming were killed.

In 1856, a large-scale anti-Qing Hui uprising-Du Wenxiu uprising broke out in western Yunnan. Before that, the four mountain barbarian house uprising broke out in Wenshan and Qiubei. The anti Qing struggle of the Hui people in Qiubei was deeply sympathized and supported by the local fraternal ethnic groups, and secretly delivered grain to support them. After the failure of the Du Wenxiu Uprising, almost all the Hui villages in Wenshan Prefecture were besieged and annihilated by blood, and the survivors were displaced and went to a foreign land. Some Hui people who escaped from the tiger's mouth fled from various places to Zhuang villages. They were protected by Zhuang brothers. They wore Zhuang costumes and spoke Zhuang language. They intermarried with the local Zhuang people and bred offspring. They still adhered to the religious belief of Islam in their religious beliefs. However, in terms of clothing, language, HOS and even national psychology, they had many cultural factors of Hui and Zhuang people.

2,Culture of Wenshan Zhuang Hui

"Zhuang Hui" is a special Hui Muslim living in Wenshan Prefecture and Qiubei County of Yunnan Province. In the course of history, it combines the elements of Hui religious beliefs and the characteristics of Zhuang culture, thus forming the characteristics of Zhuang Hui's multi-ethnic culture. In terms of language and clothing, speaking Zhuang language and wearing Zhuang clothes make them have the cultural characteristics of the Zhuang nationality, and they call themselves "Zhuang Muslims". The diet of "Zhuang Hui" also has the characteristics of changing to the cultural characteristics of the Zhuang nationality, such as yellow rice and red glutinous rice. At the same time, Zhuang Hui also adheres to the eating habits and taboos of the Hui nationality. Wenshan "Zhuang Hui" in the cultural identity of life, economy, clothing customs and other aspects of the identity of the local Zhuang, and in their own national identity, religion, group emotional belonging to the main identity of the Hui. In Yunnan, there are also groups called "Yi Hui" (Yuxi Xinping), "Zang Hui" (Shangri-La) and "Bai Hui" (Dali Eryuan). They believe in Islam, but identify with their local minority groups in terms of customs, language, etc. They believe in Islam in their spiritual home, although they have converged with local peoples in the paradigm of daily life.

 

XI. Qiubei Mosque

Near the Puzhehei Scenic Area, there are two ancient Hui villages: the old city and the two natural villages outside the river, which belong to the Matoushan Village Committee of Jinping Town, Qiubei County.

Qiubei Old City Mosque was built in 1988. The whole temple covers an area of 1.8 acres. The worship hall is a brick-wood structure palace with a construction area of 400 square meters and a construction area of 800 square meters. The Hui people in this village moved to Dazhuang in 1845 and moved back to the old city to live until now. It has jurisdiction over 185 religious families, 917 people, all of whom are Hui nationality. There are 14 imams in this workshop, including 1 female imam, 16 Manla and 7 Dong students. There are four copies of the Quran.

Qiubei Fuxing Village Mosque is located in Rizhe Township, Qiubei County, Yunnan Province. It was founded in 1980 and covers an area of 1.5 mu. The worship hall is a civil structure with a construction area of 198 square meters and a total construction area of 318 square meters. There are 10 families and 44 people, all of whom are Hui nationality.